Passive Voice & Active Voice

Kalimat aktif (active voice) adalah kalimat dimana subject-nya melakukan pekerjaan, sebaliknya, kalimat pasif (passive voice) adalah kalimat dimana subject-nya dikenai pekerjaan oleh object kalimat. Active voice lebih sering digunakan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari dibandingkan dengan passive voice. Namun demikian, sering kita temukan passive voice di surat-surat kabar, artikel-artikel di majalah-majalah dan tulisan-tulisan ilmiah. Passive voice digunakan karena object dari active voice merupakan informasi yang lebih penting dibandingkan dengan subject-nya.

 Rumus Active Voice

S + V (kata kerja yang disesuaikan dengan tenses-nya) + O

Rumus Passive Voice
S + be + past participle + (by agent) 

Contoh Kalimat Aktif :

Tia hasn’t paid her electricity and water bills yet.
(Tia belum membayar tagihan listrik dan airnya.)

 Contoh Kalimat Pasif :

A glass Juice(O) was drunk(P) by Tia(S)

Segelas jus telah diminum oleh Tia

Ciri Kalimat

Active Voice

• Pada kalimat aktif subjek melakukan suatu tindakan yang langsung mengenai objeknya.
• Kalimat Aktif memiliki pola S-P-O-K atau S-P-K Predikat kalimat aktif selalu diawali dengan imbuhan Me- atau Ber–.
• kalimat aktif memerlukan objek, Setelah mendapat predikat subjek ditambah pelengkap atau keterangan.

Pasive Voice

• to be + V3  dan kata by (kata ini bukan merupakan syarat yang harus ada dalam kalimat pasif )
• Yang dapat dijadikan kalimat passive adalah Verbal Sentence (kalimat yang predikatnya kata kerja/V)
• Verbal sentence yang dapat dirubah ke Passive Voice (kalimat pasif) adalah kalimat yang memiliki objek penderita.

SIMPLE PAS TENSE

Rumus:

1. Aktif: S+ V2+ O
2. Pasif: O+ was/were+ verb 3+ by+ S

 Example : 

• A: Putri cut those fruits (Putri memotong buah-buahan itu)
• P: Those fruits were cut by Putri (Buah-Buahan itu dipotong oleh Putri)

PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE

Rumus:

1. Aktif: S+ was/were+ (V1+ing)+ O
2. Pasif: O+ was/were+ being+ verb 3+ by+ S 
3.  
4.  
5. Example :
6. A: They were copying my files (Mereka sedang mengkopi file-fileku)
7. P: My files were being copied by them (File-Fileku sedang mereka kopi) 

PAST PERFECT TENSE

Rumus:

1. Aktif: S+ had+ verb 3+ O
2. Pasif: O+ had+ been+ verb 3+ by+ S

 Example :

• A: He had touched my heart (Dia sudah menyentuh hatiku)
• P: My heart had been touched by him (Hatiku sudah disentuhnya) 

Past Perfect Continuous Tense 

Rumus:

1. Aktif: S+ had+ been+ (V1+ing)+ O
2. Pasif: O+ had+ been+ being+ verb 3+ by+ S

 Example :

• A: Tika had been playing the piano before you came (Tika sudah bermain piano itu sebelum kamu datang)
• P: The piano had been being played by Tika before you came (Piano itu sudah Tika mainkan sebelum kamu datang) 

Past Future Tense 

Rumus:

1. Aktif: S+ would+ verb 1+ O
2. Pasif: O+ would be+ verb 3+ by+ S 

Example :

• A: He would invite us (Dia akan mengundang kita)
• P: We would be invited by him (Kita akan diundang olehnya) 

Past Future Continuous Tense 

Rumus:

1. Aktif: S+ would+ be+ (V1+ing)+ O
2. Pasif: O+ would+ be+ being+ verb 3+ by+ S

 Example :

• A: He would be reading the text (Dia akan sedang membaca teks itu)
• P: The text would be being read by him (Teks itu akan sedang ia baca) 

Past Future Perfect Tense 

Rumus:

1. Aktif: S+ would+ have+ verb 3+ O
2. Pasif: O+ would+ have been+ verb 3+ by+ S 

Example :

• A: Reza would have forwarded the email if he'd known (Reza akan sudah meneruskan email itu kalau dia sudah tahu)
• P: The email would have been forwarded by Reza if he'd known (Email itu akan sudah Reza teruskan kalau dia sudah tahu) 

Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense 

Rumus:

1. Aktif: S+ would+ have been+ (V1+ing)+ O
2. Pasif: O+ would+ have been+ being+ verb 3+ by+ S

 Example :

• A: Mila would have been deleting your SMS if I didn't know (Mila akan sudah sedang menghapus SMSmu kalau aku tak tahu)
• P: Your SMS would have been being deleted by Mila if I didn't know (SMSmu akan sudah sedang Mila hapus kalau aku tak tahu) 

Simple Present Tense

1. Aktif: S+ verb 1/ verb 1-s/es+ O
2. Pasif: O+ am/is/are+ verb 3+ by+ S

 Example :

• A: She always washes my clothes (Dia selalu mencuci bajuku)
• P: My chlothes are always washed by her (Pakaianku selalu ia cuci) 

Present Continuous Tense 

Rumus:

1. Aktif: S+ Am/is/are+ (V1+ing)+ O
2. Pasif: O+ am/is/are+ being+ verb 3+ by+ S

 Example :

• A: He is driving my car (Dia sedang mengemudikan mobilku)
• P: My car is being driven by him (Mobilku sedang ia kemudikan) 

Simple Future Tense 

Rumus:

1. Aktif: S+ will+ verb 1+ O
2. Pasif: O+ will+ be+ verb 3+ by+ S
3.  
4. Example :
5. A: He will hit you (Dia akan memukulimu)
6. P: You will be hit by him (Kamu akan dipukulinya) 

Future Continuous Tense 

Rumus:

1. Aktif: S+ will+ be+ (V1+ing)+ O
2. Pasif: O+ will+ be+ being+ verb 3+ by+ S

Example :

• A: They will be performing the show this evening (Mereka akan sedang menampilkan pertunjukan itu sore ini)
• P: The show will be being performed by them this evening (Pertunjukan itu akan sedang mereka tampilkan sore ini) 

Present Perfect Tense 

Rumus:

1. Aktif: S+ have/has+ verb 3+ O
2. Pasif: O+ have/has+ been+ verb 3+ by+ S

 Example :

• A: He has repaired my motorcycle (Dia sudah memperbaiki motorku)
• P: My motorcycle has been repaired by him (Motorku sudah diperbaikinya) 

Present Perfect Continuous Tense 

Rumus:

1. Aktif: S+ have/ has+ been+ (V1+ing)+ O
2. Pasif: O+ have/has+ been+ being+ verb 3+ by+ S 

Example :

• A: Jarwo has been watching the TV- since 5 hours ago (Jarwo sudah sdng menonton TV itu sjk 5 jam lalu)
• P: The TV has been being watched by Jarwo- since 5 hours ago (TV itu sudah sdng ditonton Jarwo sejak 5 jam lalu)

Future Perfect Tense 

Rumus:

1. Aktif: S+ will+ have+ verb 3+ O
2. Pasif: O+ will+ have+ been+ verb 3+ by+ S

 Example :

• A: We will have paid our debts tomorrow (Kami akan sudah membayar utang kami besok)
• P: Our debts will have been paid by us tomorrow (Utang kami akan sudah kami bayar besok) 

Future Perfect Continuous Tense 

Rumus:

1. Aktif: S+ will+ have+ been+ (V1+ing)+ O
2. Pasif: O+ will+ have+ been+ being+ verb 3+ by+ S

 Example :

• A: They will have been rendering that video tomorrow (Mereka akan sudah sedang menata video itu besok)
• P: That video will have been being rendered by them tomorrow (Video itu akan sudah sedang mereka tata besok)

Sumber :
http://catexamindia.blogspot.co.id/2017/01/voice-active-voice-and-passive-voice.html
https://www.wordsmile.com/rumus-contoh-kalimat-passive-past-continuous-tense
https://www.wordsmile.com/pengertian-rumus-contoh-kalimat-active-voice
http://www.ilmubahasainggris.com/active-voice-dan-passive-voice-pengertian-rumus-ciri-pola-dan-contoh-kalimatnya-dalam-bahasa-inggris/

1.  

Affirmative Aggrement , Verb As Complement & Negative Agreement

Affirmative Aggrement

Kita  menggunakan kata "so" atau "too" ketika menunjukkan bahwa seseorang atau sesuatu melakukan hal yang sama dengan orang atau benda lain. Juga, konjungsi dan digunakan untuk menghindari pengulangan pernyataan afirmatif dan pernyataan sederhana yang mengandung seperti so atau too.  Namun semua  pernyataan itu bergantung pada kata so atau too.

Berikut  merupakan rumus formulanya :
- Ketika bentuk kata kerja digunakan dalam klausa utama, tensis yang sama harus digunakan dalam pernyataan sederhana berikut.   


example : 

She is smart and you are too.
She is smart and so are you.

- Ketika kata kerja majemuk  (auxiliary + verb)  digunakan dalam klausa utama, kata kerja bantu digunakan dalam pernyataan sederhana. Subjek dan kata kerja dari pernyataan sederhana juga harus setuju.
 
example : 
She should finish her homework and you should too.
She should finish her homework and so should you.

Mark has eaten all his dinner and Shirley has too.
Mark has eaten all his dinner and so has Shirley.

-  Ketika kata kerja lainnya (kecuali be) muncul tanpa tambahan dalam klausa utama, the auxiliary do, does, or did digunakan untuk pernyataan simple. Subjek dan karta kerja harus setuju dan tensis sama harus digunakan.


example : 

I walk to school and my friends do too.
I walk to school and so do my friends.

Other Example : 
 

Verb As Complement

Verbs Always Followed by an Infinitive

Some verbs are always followed by an infinitive. Following is a list of some of the most common.


example :
Jordan claims to be a relative of George Washington.
My parents expect to retire this year.
Don’t hesitate to throw the ball next time!
My little brother pretends to fight dangerous dragons.
Mary strives to receive straight A’s in school.

Verbs Always Followed by a Gerund

Some verbs are always followed by a gerund. Following is a list of the most common.

example :
The thief has admitted stealing the jewelry from the store.
You should delay travelling until the weather clears up.
Did Jack mention picking up the dry cleaning after work?
I don’t recall telling her that.
John suggested feeding the homeless on the weekends.

Adjective + Preposition Followed by a Gerund

The adjectives + prepositions in the box below are commonly followed by a gerund.


example :
Darrell is accustomed to going to the gym each day after class.
Both of my sisters are afraid of being alone in the dark.
You are capable of playing guitar much better.
Maggie is quite fond of eating chocolate.
The climbing team was intent on reaching the top of the mountain.
They were interested in seeing the test results.
Susie was successful in finding her hidden friends.
My dad is tired of working such long hours.

Noun + Preposition Followed by a Gerund

Certain nouns, when followed by certain prepositions, are always followed by a gerund. Consider the following samples in the chart below.


example :






He was given the choice of staying after school or being expelled.
Stacey had no intention of doing her homework.
Walter has developed a special method of cleaning clothes.
There was absolutely no reason for skipping class.
Our class considered the possibility of getting out early.

Whenever a preposition is followed directly by a verb, the verb will be in gerund form.

Molly felt very sick after eating at the new restaurant.
Before leaving the house, Mark had to feed the animals.

Adjectives Followed by an Infinitive

Following is a list of adjectives which can be immediately followed by an infinitive form of the verb.


example :
George was anxious to begin the project.
Monica was glad to discover she had passed the exam.
The children were hesitant to enter the haunted house.
Betty’s parents were relieved to learn that she wasn’t hurt in the accident.
I am willing to help with feeding the poor on the weekends.

NOTE: Able means the same as capable in most cases. However, able is always followed by a infinitive while capable is followed by of + gerund.

Shelly is able to play the violin much better than Andy.
Shelly is capable of playing the violin much better than Andy.

Pronouns before a Gerund or Infinitive

Sometimes, the infinitive is used as a complement after certain verbs. An indirect object pronoun is required before the infinitive in these sentences.


Verbs commonly followed by an infinitive which usually require an indirect object are listed in the chart below.



Jennifer begged them to take her to the movies too.
The teacher expected them to act differently.
Julie’s mother prepared her to compete in the talent show.
Terry wanted her to go to the dance with him.

However, when a noun or pronoun precedes a gerund, it must be in the possessive form in formal English. Informal English usually does not use the possessive form before a gerund.



example :

They resented his not telling the truth. FORMAL
They resented him not telling the truth. INFORMAL

Our neighbors complained about our playing loud music. FORMAL
Our neighbors complained about us playing loud music. INFORMAL

She couldn’t understand his not wanting to dance with her. FORMAL
She couldn’t understand him not wanting to dance with her. INFORMAL

The policeman didn’t like Michael’s arguing with him. FORMAL
The policeman didn’t like Michael arguing with him. INFORMAL

We resented the man’s telling us to leave the store. FORMAL
We resented the man telling us to leave the store. INFORMAL

Negative Agreement

Fungsi Either dan Neither pada pernyataan sederhana sama seperti "SO" dan "TOO" dalam kalimat affirmative. Namun Either dan Neither digunakan untuk mengindikasikan negative agreement. Aturan yang sama untuk kata bantu, be, do, does, atau did yang diterapkan.

 

source : https://gmatclub.com